English conditionals
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In this chapter the English conditionals will be explained. In the different subchapters the different types of conditionals are explained. Conditionals are used to describe a speculation.
The conditionals in English are used to express speculation. They refer to an action that could happen, to something that may have happened or to something that is expected to happen.
In English there are five types of conditionals. The table below shows you the different conditionals and when they are used.
Type of conditional | Usage | Verb tense of the condition ('if') | Verb tense of the result | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 0 | General facts | Present simple | Present simple |
|
Type 1 | Real or possible situation | Present simple | Future simple (will) |
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Type 2 | Hypothetical situation | Past simple | Present conditional or present continuous conditional (would + infinitive) |
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Type 3 | Hypothetical situation in the past | Past perfect | Perfect conditional (would have + past participle) |
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Mixed | Not real condition of the past with a probable result in the present. Situation of the present that could have a consequence in the past. | Past perfect Past simple | Present conditional (would + infinitive) Perfect conditional (would have + past participle) |
|
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Conditional sentences have two parts and each action depends on the other. The first part of the conditional always starts with 'if'. If a condition, situation or circumstance is true, then a specific result happens.
The if-clause can be at the beginning of the sentence:
If-clause | Result |
---|---|
If you study | you will pass your exams. |
If he works harder | he will earn more money. |
The if-clause can be at the end of the sentence:
Result | If-clause |
---|---|
You will pass your exams | if you study. |
He will earn more money | if he works harder |
The table below shows the structure of affirmative conditionals. These sentences state truths. Some of the conditionals have a long form and a contracted form.
Type of conditional | Affirmatives - long form | Affirmatives - contracted form |
---|---|---|
Type 0 |
| |
Type 1 |
|
|
Type 2 |
|
|
Type 3 |
|
|
Mixed |
|
|
The table below shows the structure of the negative conditionals. These sentences state falsity. Some sentences have a long form and a contracted form.
Type of conditional | Negatives - long form | Negatives - contracted form |
---|---|---|
Type 0 |
|
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Type 1 |
|
|
Type 2 |
|
|
Type 3 |
|
|
Mixed |
|
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The following table shows the structure of the conditional interrogatives.
Type of conditional | Interrogatives |
---|---|
Type 0 |
|
Type 1 |
|
Type 2 |
|
Type 3 |
|
Mixed |
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1 Zero conditional in English | Learn all about the zero conditionals in English. |
2 First conditional in English | Study the first conditional in English with this overview of the structure and usage. |
3 Second conditional in English | Learn all about the second conditional in English. |
4 Third conditional in English | Learn all about the third conditional in English. |