Present perfect (Perfekt) in German
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.Definition and usage of the present perfect tense (Perfekt) in German
- 2.Marker words that indicate the present perfect in German
- 3.How to form the verbs in the present perfect with examples
- 3.1.Conjugation of auxiliaries sein and haben
- 3.2.Conjugation of past participle of weak verbs
- 3.3.Conjugation of past participle of strong verbs
- 4.When to use sein or haben + participle II?
- 4.1.Usage of sein and participle II and examples
- 4.2.Haben and participle II
- 5.Exercises
- 5.1.Exercise of present perfect (sein)
- 5.2.Exercise of the present participle (haben)
- 5.3.Exercise of the present participle
Definition and usage of the present perfect tense (Perfekt) in German
The present perfect can either be used to refer to a completed action in the past, or to explain actions that begun in the past, but are not finished yet. The present perfect (Perfekt) is the past tense that is most often used to describe events from the past in spoken language, instead of the simple past (Präteritum).
Example of the use of the perfect:
- Gestern hat sich Stefanie im Fitness-Studio angemeldet. (She registered at the fitness center yesterday.)
- Ich habe vor einer Woche angefangen für diesen Test zu lernen. (I started learning for this test one week ago.)
Explanation of the example:
- 1st sentence: The action is enclosed, because it was a single action that took place yesterday.
- 2nd sentence: The action begun in the past (one week ago), but is not enclosed yet.
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Marker words that indicate the present perfect in German
There are some marker words, that are often used in combination with the present perfect. See some of them in the table below.
| Marker word | Translation |
|---|---|
| gestern | yesterday |
| vor einer Woche/einer Minute/zehn Tagen | one week/one minute/ten days ago |
| heute früh/heute Nachmittag | this morning/this afternoon |
| gestern früh/ gestern Nachmittag | yesterday morning/yesterday afternoon |
| schon | already |
| gerade | just |
For example:
- Ich habe gerade einen Kuchen gebacken. (I just baked a cake.)
- Hast du dich schon angemeldet? (Have you already registered?)
- Heute früh haben wir verschlafen. (This morning we overslept.)
How to form the verbs in the present perfect with examples
To form the present perfect in German, we use the present tense of one of the auxiliaries sein or haben in combination with the participle II of the main verb. Click on the link, if you need more information on how to built the participle II. So, the general structure is made by using the prefix 'ge-':
- right conjugation of one of the auxiliaries sein or haben (in present tense) + ge - infinitive stem - -t, -et, -en
- for example: wir haben gesungen
Conjugation of auxiliaries sein and haben
In the table below, you can see how the auxiliaries are declined in the right way.
| Subject | sein | haben |
|---|---|---|
| ich | bin | habe |
| du | bist | hast |
| er/ sie/ es | ist | hat |
| wir | sind | haben |
| ihr | seid | habt |
| sie/Sie | sind | haben |
The auxiliaries you find above are conjugated irregularly. Try to keep them in your mind and learn them by heart.
Conjugation of past participle of weak verbs
The typical construction of the past participle of a weak verb, looks le following way:
- ge- + infinitive sten + -t or -et
| Infinitive of the verb | Verb stem | Ending | Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| leben (to live) | leb- | -t | gelebt |
| lachen (to laugh) | lach- | -t | gelacht |
| fragen (to ask) | frag- | -t | gefragt |
| arbeiten (to work) | arbeit- | -et | gearbeitet |
| öffnen (to open up) | öffne- | -et | geöffnet |
| atmen (to breath) | atm- | -et | geatmet |
Here are some example sentences:
- Wir haben ihn gefragt. (We asked him.)
- Er hat für uns gearbeitet. (He worked for us.)
- Ihr habt ziemlich laut gelacht. (You laughed pretty loud.)
Conjugation of past participle of strong verbs
The past participle of strong verbs is formed by adding the perfix ge- and the ending -en:
ge- + infinitive sten + -en
| Infinitive of the verb | Verb stem | Ending | Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| singen (to sing) | sing- | -en | gesungen |
| sprechen (to speak) | sprech- | -en | gesprochen |
| brechen (to break) | brech- | -en | gebrochen |
| nehmen (to take) | nehm- | -en | genommen |
| lesen (to read) | les- | -en | gelesen |
| sehen (to see) | seh- | -en | gesehen |
Find some example sentences below:
- Wir haben während der Autofahrt gesungen. (We sang during the car ride.)
- Du hast dein Versprechen gebrochen. (You broke your promise.)
- Sie haben den ersten Bus zurück genommen. (They took the first bus back.)
When to use sein or haben + participle II?
Usage of sein and participle II and examples
You should use the auxiliary verb sein in combination with the participle, if:
| Usage | Examples |
| the verb in the sentence has a direct object | Stefanie hat ihr Zimmer aufgeräumt. (Stefanie cleaned up her room.) |
| the verb in the sentence has no direct object | Stefanie hat aufgeräumt. (She cleaned up.) |
| the sentence contains of a reflexive verb | Stefanie hat sich verändert. (Stefanie has changed.) |
Haben and participle II
You should use the auxiliary verb haben and the participle to use the present perfect, if:
| Usage | Examples |
| the sentence contains of a verb of movement (without direct object), e.g. gehen, laufen, rennen, etc. | Wir sind in seinen Garten gegangen. (We went to his garden.) |
| the verbs describes changed in the situation, e.g. einschlafen, aufwachen, etc. | Sie ist aus ihren Träumen aufgewacht. (She woke up from her dreams.) |
| the sentence contains of bleiben, sein, werden | Es ist ihm gelungen. (He has succeeded.) |
Don't forget to try out free exercises, to test your knowledge about the present perfect in German.
Exercises
- Exercise of present perfect (sein)
- Exercise of the present participle (haben)
- Exercise of the present participle
Exercise of present perfect (sein)
Exercise of the present participle (haben)
Exercise of the present participle
Exercises
- Exercise of present perfect (sein)
- Exercise of the present participle (haben)
- Exercise of the present participle
Exercise of present perfect (sein)
Exercise of the present participle (haben)
Exercise of the present participle
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