Past subjunctive in Italian (congiuntivo passato)
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The congiuntivo passato is the past tense of the subjunctive mood in Italian.
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Italian speakers tend to use the past subjunctive in the same contexts of the congiuntivo presente. That is:
Furthermore, the past subjunctive appears in the same clauses (i.e. che, final, concessive, temporal and conditional clauses) where also the present subjunctive is frequently used.
Example | Translation |
---|---|
Che sia già arrivata? | Has she already arrived? |
Credo che abbiano avuto un contrattempo. | I guess they had an unforeseen difficulty. |
Sebbene abbiano avuto tempo, non hanno fatto i compiti. | Even though they had time, they didn't do their homeworks. |
Nonostante voi ci abbiate pensato, avete fatto comunque la scelta sbagliata. | Although you've thought about it, you made the wrong choice anyway. |
The past subjunctive usually appears in the dependent clause. In this case, its presence depends on what tense is used in the main clause.
The congiuntivo passato follows an important rule called consecutio temporum: the clauses must present an agreement of tenses between their verbs.
Main clause: indicativo presente | Dependent clause: present subjunctive / past subjunctive |
---|---|
Io immagino (I guess) | che tu prenda il mio caricatore. (that you would take my charger) - contemporaneity |
Io immagino (I guess) | che tu abbia preso il mio caricatore. (that you took my charger) - anteriority |
The past subjunctive follows the same structure of the present perfect in the indicative mood.
Hence, it is formed using the presente congiuntivo of the auxiliary (essere or avere) with the past participle of the specific verb.
Let's see some example for the three conjugations.
Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | abbia | portato | Pensano che io abbia portato la torta. | They think I brought the cake. |
(Che) tu | abbia | portato | Credo che tu abbia portato la torta. | I think you brought the cake. |
(Che) egli / ella | abbia | portato | Sono sicura che egli abbia portato la torta. | I am sure that he brought the cake. |
(Che) noi | abbiamo | portato | Temono che noi non abbiamo portato la torta. | They're afraid we didn't bring the cake. |
(Che) voi | abbiate | portato | Mi chiedo se voi abbiate portato la torta. | I am asking myself if they brought the cake. |
(Che) essi / esse | abbiano | portato | Ella non sa se loro abbiano portato la torta. | She doesn't know if they brought the cake. |
Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | abbia | creduto | Pensi veramente che io ci abbia creduto? | Do you really think that I believed it? |
(Che) tu | abbia | creduto | Sono davvero sicuro che tu ci abbia creduto. | I am really sure that you believed that. |
(Che) egli / ella | abbia | creduto | Odiano il fatto che ella ci abbia creduto. | They hate that she believed that. |
(Che) noi | abbiamo | creduto | Non saprei dirti se ci abbiamo veramente creduto. | I can't tell if we really believed it. |
(Che) voi | abbiate | creduto | Chissà che non ci abbiate creduto! | Maybe you believed that! |
(Che) essi / esse | abbiano | creduto | Vorrei sapere se ci abbiano creduto o meno. | I would like to know if they believed that or not. |
Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | abbia | sentito | Non sei sicuro che io abbia sentito quel rumore? | Aren't you sure I heard that noise? |
(Che) tu | abbia | sentito | Nonostante tu abbia sentito quel rumore, non c'è nessuno in casa. | Even though you heard that noise, nobody is home. |
(Che) egli / ella | abbia | sentito | Non c'è dubbio che ella abbia sentito uno strano rumore. | It's undeniable she heard a strange noise. |
(Che) noi | abbiamo | sentito | Mi chiedo se abbiamo veramente sentito quel rumore. | I'm wondering if we have really heard that noise. |
(Che) voi | abbiate | sentito | Ma siamo sicuri che voi abbiate sentito quello strano rumore? | Are we sure you have heard that strange noise? |
(Che) essi / esse | abbiano | sentito | Temo che esse abbiano sentito qualche strano rumore. | I'm afraid they have heard some strange noise. |
Italian language has a lot of irregular verbs that don't follow any inflectional pattern or any grammatical rule. This type of verbs has some particular forms that must be learned by heart.
Most irregular verbs in Italian are from the -ere conjugation.
Concerning the past subjunctive, we are mostly interested in the past participle irregular forms.
Fare (to do) | Vedere (to see) | Scegliere (to choose) | Leggere (to read) | Porre (to put) | Rimanere (to stay) | Perdere (to loose) | Prendere (to take) | Chiedere (to ask) | Apparire (to appear) | Dire (to say) | Aprire (to open) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
(Che) tu | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
(Che) egli / ella | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
(Che) noi | abbiamo fatto | abbiamo visto | abbiamo scelto | abbiamo letto | abbiamo posto | siamo* rimasti/e | abbiamo perso | abbiamo preso | abbiamo chiesto | siamo* apparsi/e | abbiamo detto | abbiamo aperto |
(Che) voi | abbiate fatto | abbiate visto | abbiate scelto | abbiate letto | abbiate posto | siate* rimasti/e | abbiate perso | abbiate preso | abbiate chiesto | siate* apparsi/e | abbiate detto | abbiate aperto |
(Che) essi / esse | abbiano fatto | abbiano visto | abbiano scelto | abbiano letto | abbiano posto | siano rimasti/e | abbiano perso | abbiano preso | abbiano chiesto | siano* apparsi/e | abbiano detto | abbiano aperto |
* Remember! All the transitive verbs in Italian use essere as auxiliary; all the intransitive ones use avere.
As we said before, transitive verbs are followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is avere.
Non sono sicura che voi abbiate fatto i compiti. (I am not sure you did your homework)
Intransitive verbs cannot be followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is essere.
Some verbs (e.g. correre, salire, scendere) can be both transitive and intransitive and have both essere and avere.
Correre (to run) | Salire (to go up, to get in) | Scendere (to go down, to descend) | |
---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
(Che) tu | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
(Che) egli / ella | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
(Che) noi | abbiamo corso - siamo corsi/e | abbiamo salito - siamo saliti/e | abbiamo sceso - siamo scesi/e |
(Che) voi | abbiate corso - siamo corsi/e | abbiate salito - siamo saliti/e | abbiate sceso - siamo scesi/e |
(Che) essi / esse | abbiano corso - siano corsi/e | abbiano salito - siano saliti/e | abbiano sceso - siano scesi/e |
These verbs have avere when the focus of the sentence is on the action. They have essere when the focus is on the destination, the purpose or the aim of the action.
e.g. Penso che Luca abbia corso il rischio di perdere la partita. (I think that Luca ran the risk of loosing the game)
Penso che Luca sia corso in suo aiuto. (I think that Luca rushed to his aid)
Below, you will find the past subjunctive of essere and of avere.
Essere (to be) | Avere (to have) | |
---|---|---|
(Che) io | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
(Che) tu | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
(Che) egli / ella | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
(Che) noi | siamo stati/e | abbiamo avuto |
(Che) voi | siate stati/e | abbiate avuto |
(Che) essi / esse | siano stati/e | abbiano avuto |
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My name is Mojra and I'm a qualified mother tongue tutor. Whether you need to prepare yourself for a job interview, you're planning to relocate to Italy or to spend your next holiday there, I look forward to assisting you to achieve your goals!
I am here to help you improve you grammar, sentence structure and to teach you helpful phrases in a fun and relaxed way.
I graduated from university majoring in Linguistic Mediation and in Modern Languages and then I specialized in the teaching of Italian as a second language, attending a one-year post-graduate course devoted to this and receiving excellent grades (FILIS: Formatori Interculturali di Lingua Italiana per Stranieri). I also teach in the Italian public schools.
If you'd like to learn Italian fluently, I'd love to be your teacher, then why not book a trial class with me now? In this lesson, we will design a lesson plan especially for you discussing how you will reach your specific goals.
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I've now had 2 lessons with Mojra and I can warmly recommend her. We keep the lessons in Italian, which I really enjoy. Mojra is a kind and patient teacher who listens to you and your wishes in regards to what you want to focus on during the classes. Mi piacciono molto le mie lezioni con Mojra e non vedo l'ora per le nostre lezioni in futuro!
Mojra G.Thanks for your nice words Sofia, see you next lesson!
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Hello Everybody
My name is Luisa and I teach Italian for foreign students, English, French and German for Italian students
Since 1994, I have dedicated myself to translating and teaching thanks to my travels, abroad studies, foreign reading and writing. I provide fun and customized lessons based on the student's goals. I also triy to minimize English speaking during the lessons. I give homework exercises, and my lessons are intermixed with grammar, conversation, customs and traditions. My goal is to make certain that each student finds learning Italian exciting.
I am available for any explanations also via e mail
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Luisa is wonderful! She takes what my specific goals for learning Italian (how to communicate while traveling around Italy) into consideration and created an individualized lesson plan.
Luisa A.Dear Shraddha thank you, thank you so much for your kind message. It was a real pleasure to meet you !!! See you on Friday ciao ciao
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Hello, everybody ! My name is Elena. I’m a native Italian speaker, I’m 49 years old and live in Turin. I am a certified CEDILS teacher, I graduated in Foreign Languages and Literature in Milan and have been working as a teacher of Italian for more than 10 years. I speak English and German. I attended specialization courses for Italian L2 teachers and I am interviewer for C1 PLIDA exam.
Are you seeking a friendly and dynamic study environment ? I got what you need. I am looking forward to being in touch with new students and organize pleasant, interesting and fruitful courses.
Do you wish to learn or improve your Italian to speak with your parents or friends? Do you need Italian for work or study ? Do you simply love Italian language and culture ? Do you need to improve your writing skills ?
My classes are tailored on your needs and considering your level of knowledge, I create a proper course plan. Classes focus on language and on the possibility for you to improve your ability to speak and understand Italian in your daily life or in work.
I offer 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 tuition, general Italian courses (grammar, conversation, listening, reading and writing), preparation to Italian examinations (all levels, also Italian for residence permit) and Italian and culture courses.
Grammar, vocabulary exercises, reading articles and magazines and talking together are all tools to feel at ease with the Italian language and then be able to practice it.
I have worked with children, adolescents and adults for all levels of Italian, from beginner to advanced. I have experience in preparing students to international certification (CILS, PLIDA). I was an A2/B1 Telc examiner.
Learning Italian can be closely related to culture, literature, music, sport and any other interest of my students.
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I had a trial class with Elena, and was very satisfied with the professionalism and all the teaching experience that she possesses. Will definitely continue to have classes with her.
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Hi!
My name is Mariateresa, I'm Italian and I teach English, Italian and Spanish to foreign students.
Having lived in Spain during my last year at University, I moved to the UK, where I lived for the next five years. My English at that time was quite poor and I made a living by doing various jobs.
One day, inspired by my amazing English teacher Mandy, I had an idea: why not teach my native language and Spanish to English people and other nationalities? You wouldn’t believe how fascinated people are by these languages!
It was in 2017 when I fell in love with this job. So much so that one year later I successfully attained a TESOL Certificate, to teach English as a foreign language.
Teaching allows me to fully express myself and my personal qualities, such as patience and an ability to give my full attention to other people. By giving students a space in which to express themselves without fear, I create a safe, non-judgemental environment.
When a new student contacts me I always offer them a free trial lesson, so that we can introduce ourselves and I can get to know their level, interests and needs. It's from there that I create the ensuing lessons.
I provide students with a solid grammar base, but also help them to understand the application and use of the language in everyday life. At the same time, I tailor the lesson to suit the students' main interests – such as grammar, speaking, pronunciation, writing or exam preparation. I teach students of different levels, from beginners to advanced.
Although I love teaching in-person, I have adapted myself to teaching online as well. I have also completed a Teaching English Online course offered by Cambridge University. I have to admit that it's a really effective method, plus you meet people from all over the world!
Having lived abroad for several years I know that learning a foreign language requires time, but it's also fun. By speaking in it we can express hidden parts of ourselves – it's a bit like acting!
You can also assimilate the culture from which the language evolves. It's interesting to see how we can change and develop!
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Maria, was very helpful. I was a bit of a challenging case and so she had to modify her teaching program on the fly and did so with competence.
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Hi! My name is Tiphaine, I'm french, I'm 37 years old and I live in Seville.
I grew up in the outside of Paris, I travelled all over the world and I live in Spain for 10 years now.
I'm a musician, a dancer and I love to cook and hike.
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That's why I became a teacher, to be able to share with you my love for french language and culture and to guide you in your progress.
For me, each language is a way of seeing and interpreting the world, as glasses of different colors.
Understanding the way a language works is understanding how its people see things; it's such a exciting process, I can't wait to share it with you!
I have more than 8 years experience, in schools, companies and universities.
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I use diversified ressources, from quizz to podcasts, videos, songs and games.
Whatever are your motivations, if you want to learn french in a pleasurable and rewarding way, book a class with me!
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Tiphaine is a very competent and experienced French teacher. She prepares the lessons very carefully and focuses on all relevant aspects such as conversation, grammar and vocabulary. Above all, she has a very friendly personality that makes you feel at ease immediately. I can highly recommend her as a French teacher.
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I am an Italian native speaker with a Master's degree in Languages for International Relations. I have experience in tutoring students from all ages.
I prepare tailored lessons based on the students' needs and interests using textbooks, videos, interactive resources and ad-hoc materials.
If you want to learn Italian and know more about the culture, food, art and traditions, don't hesitate to get in touch!
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I began Italian lessons with Mariarosa a few weeks ago and she has been a stellar teacher thus far! She tailors each of our lessons to my pace, and includes things that I mention I don't know yet or want to learn. All of our lessons have a good mix of grammar, vocabulary and review, and I always have a good bit of homework to keep me busy and continue learning between lessons :) highly recommend her as a teacher.
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Buongiorno gente!
Are you ready to learn italian with me?
My name is Mojra and I'm a qualified mother tongue tutor. Whether you need to prepare yourself for a job interview, you're planning to relocate to Italy or to spend your next holiday there, I look forward to assisting you to achieve your goals!
I am here to help you improve you grammar, sentence structure and to teach you helpful phrases in a fun and relaxed way.
I graduated from university majoring in Linguistic Mediation and in Modern Languages and then I specialized in the teaching of Italian as a second language, attending a one-year post-graduate course devoted to this and receiving excellent grades (FILIS: Formatori Interculturali di Lingua Italiana per Stranieri). I also teach in the Italian public schools.
If you'd like to learn Italian fluently, I'd love to be your teacher, then why not book a trial class with me now? In this lesson, we will design a lesson plan especially for you discussing how you will reach your specific goals.
IMPORTANT: Please contact me before booking your lesson with me and let me know your Italian level as well as the reasons why you want to learn Italian.
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I just had my first Italian lesson with Mojra and it was great. She is a very enthusiastic and happy person and seemed to really care about helping me to improve my Italian. Although her English is very good, she was quite strict about making me speak almost only in Italian during the entire lesson. My Italian is at an A2 (low intermediate) level but with seemingly infinite patience and useful hints, Mojra helped me to ask my questions in Italian and I felt my confidence grow as the lesson progressed. I asked for help on knowing when I should use the dreaded subjunctive in Italian (congiuntivo). Mojra had some interesting material on the subject and some exercises that both helped me to practice and, at the same time, taught me some interesting things about Italy. We laughed a lot and I was quite surprised to find that I had been speaking almost entirely in Italian for an hour. The time flew past. I think Mojra is an excellent teacher. You should try a lesson with her.
Mojra G.Thank you very much for your words Abner! You are a very diligent student, continua così!
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Hi! My name is Federica, and I am a certified teacher of Italian as a foreign language.
I have 3 + years of experience as a teacher, and I have also been a translator/proofreader for almost three decades. I can speak English, a bit of German, French and Spanish, as well as very, very basic Swedish. In short, I know just how it feels to be a learner of a foreign language, too!
One thing I know is that learning a language is more effective - and much more fun - when teaching is personalized. That's why I don't follow any single textbook: I like to try and choose the texts and exercises which are best suited to my students' interests. I also prefer to use "real" material such as magazine articles, songs, videos, etc., so you'll get an authentic feel for the language.
But enough about me. Let's talk about you! What is your current level and what are your short- and long-term goals in learning Italian? Book a free trial lesson (half an hour) with me. We'll talk about your goals and discuss how best to achieve them.
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She speaks so softly and understandable. Always cooperating with the student. I'd recommend her especially for grammar studies.
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Hello, everybody ! My name is Elena. I’m a native Italian speaker, I’m 49 years old and live in Turin. I am a certified CEDILS teacher, I graduated in Foreign Languages and Literature in Milan and have been working as a teacher of Italian for more than 10 years. I speak English and German. I attended specialization courses for Italian L2 teachers and I am interviewer for C1 PLIDA exam.
Are you seeking a friendly and dynamic study environment ? I got what you need. I am looking forward to being in touch with new students and organize pleasant, interesting and fruitful courses.
Do you wish to learn or improve your Italian to speak with your parents or friends? Do you need Italian for work or study ? Do you simply love Italian language and culture ? Do you need to improve your writing skills ?
My classes are tailored on your needs and considering your level of knowledge, I create a proper course plan. Classes focus on language and on the possibility for you to improve your ability to speak and understand Italian in your daily life or in work.
I offer 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 tuition, general Italian courses (grammar, conversation, listening, reading and writing), preparation to Italian examinations (all levels, also Italian for residence permit) and Italian and culture courses.
Grammar, vocabulary exercises, reading articles and magazines and talking together are all tools to feel at ease with the Italian language and then be able to practice it.
I have worked with children, adolescents and adults for all levels of Italian, from beginner to advanced. I have experience in preparing students to international certification (CILS, PLIDA). I was an A2/B1 Telc examiner.
Learning Italian can be closely related to culture, literature, music, sport and any other interest of my students.
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Elena is an incredible teacher. She has great methodology and knowledge to assist the student in his needs. She helps you to see your potential and gives feedback helping you to improve your knowledge of the language. Thanks Elena for you support in this process.
Elena F.Thanks so much ! It is a pleasure to work with you, you are a very good and very very nice student.
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Elisabetta is a great teacher! She helpes me to study italian. She takes the time and she knows what is the best pace to evolve! I learn New things in a great tempo.., im on my way for my celi A1 examination whit teacher Elisabetta i'm gonna make it !! Thank you so much!!
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Bonjour à tous!
My name is Daniel, and I have been an online and face-to-face French teacher for more than 5 years (I work at the Alliance Française of Burgos and I have been teaching private classes online and face-to-face for several years).
I have experience in teaching children, teenagers and adults, whether for professional or educational purposes or simply for the pleasure of learning a language as beautiful as French.
I also have experience in preparing official exams such as DELF (A1-B2) and DALF (C1/C2), and I have many exam samples at my disposal to help you achieve your goal!
À très bientôt!!!
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Daniel is a teacher with a lot of experience in teaching and plenty of materials. .I can totally recommend him
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
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I offer English and Indonesian language classes. My class is based on conversation practice. You will learn grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary through practice. You will learn in a safest way because I always want to make sure my students feel comfortable and safe during the class, so they are not afraid to make mistakes.
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Ade is a very gentle person with lots of experience in teaching English. She offers well structured lessons, I totally recommend her!
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Hi, my name is Alessia, I teach Italian to foreigners.
I got a degree in "DAMS" (Disciplines of Arts, Music, and Entertainment), a degree in "Italian Literature, language, and Culture - Cultural Promotion Curriculum", the CEDILS certification from the Ca' Foscari University of Venice for the teaching of 'Italian to foreigners and I am a CELI examiner of the CEDIS Lazio network. I have collaborated on various educational projects, language learning apps, and educational and recreational videos for children.
I am available to help you with your projects if you need help writing for example a theme, a letter, or your curriculum vitae.
An example of one of my lessons to learn the language in a more fun way? Through the analysis of a scene taken from an Italian film, we will analyze the syntax, grammar, idioms, and puns, we will hear the accents so that you too can speak like an Italian.
I can help you learn Italian in many ways, personalizing the lessons as much as possible according to your needs.
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Alessia is a goal-oriented and very professional teacher who I can recommend highly. She targets a students weak points allowing one to improve rapidly. We worked with various mediums e.g. documentaries, textbooks, written and verbal exercises, all specifically chosen to meet the needs and interests of the student.
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Hello German learner! I am a dedicated teacher for DaF (German as a foreign language) studying and working in Germany. I have already gained teaching experience with different age groups and nationalities while teaching German in various language schools.
Currently, I'm doing my second studies in German, English, and Teaching at the University of Bonn. (I already got my Master's Degree in German and Literature). Besides, I teach in a local language school as well as tutor students online on Colanguage.
In my free time, I learn French and Dutch and hope to become a true polyglot one day :)
So as you can see, I'm all into languages and love my profession as a teacher!
I can help you learn general German, develop your communicational skills as well as prepare you for language tests (Goethe Zertifikat, Telc, etc).
Just book a trial lesson with me and we'll find out which course is right for you.
See you soon
Anush
PS. IMPORTANT! Currently, I only work with adults aged 18 and over - so NO courses for children, sorry.
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Hranush is a teacher with a lot of experience in teaching German. She has many materials and is well-structured!
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Hi everyone!
My name is Daniela, I am Italian and I come from a small town in Sicily, Southern Italy. I am a qualified Italian language teacher and a CELI examiner! I work in two language schools teaching Italian and I also teach English at school.
I love foreign languages, translating, reading and listening to music. Are you ready to start your language learning path with me? We are going to learn many things and to talk a lot, if you allow me to! Don’t worry if you’ve never studied the language before: everyone can attend my classes – from beginner to advanced students. You just need passion for what you're going to do and... a good Internet connection. Materials are provided by me!
See you online!
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Daniela is the best teacher ever! I would recommend her to literally anyone that wants to learn Italian. She is kind, sweet, patient, has a great sense of humor and does her job very well and detailed. I have been taking lessons with her for over 2 years now and my Italian improved so much! She always sends you all the materials you need and anything you ask for, like reading materials, grammar exercises etc. Daniela is extremely positive and always comes very prepared and in a great mood. She even makes the hard and more difficult things to learn a fun process. What I liked a lot, is that she doesn’t only teach you the theory but takes her time to have many conversations with you, about all kinds of topics, so that you really get the confidence for fluent talking. She does her job with a lot of passion and dedication and there is literally no question about the Italian language that she cannot answer. I don’t think there is a teacher out there, that will give you so much of her knowledge, joy and time for such a convenient price. Highly recommend!!!
Daniela V.Dear Iulia, I am so happy that you are satisfied with our courses together. It's true, we have come a long way. Your Italian (already beautiful from the start) has grown more and more and has become wonderful! Thank you for the trust you have given me since day one :-)
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