Dutch past simple (onvoltooid verleden tijd)
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.Definition and usage of the past simple
- 2.Regular conjugation of Dutch weak verbs in the past simple
- 3.Orthographic and pronunciation rules
- 3.1.'-te'/'-ten' or '-de'/'-den'
- 3.2.Verbs ending in '-t'
- 3.3.Verbs ending in '-d'
- 3.4.Verbs ending in '-v' or -'z'
- 4.Regular conjugation of Dutch strong verbs in the past simple
- 4.1. Dutch irregular verbs
- 5.Exercises
- 5.1.Excercise to practice Dutch past simple (regular verbs)
- 5.2.Exercise to practice Dutch past simple (irregular verbs)
- 5.3.Practice the Dutch past simple
- 5.4.Exercise Dutch past simple
Definition and usage of the past simple
The Dutch past tense is mainly used to describe something that took place in the past. The table below shows you the situations in which the past simple is used.
| Situation | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| You want to describe an event or action that took place in the past. |
|
|
| You want to describe a past event / action that has nothing to do with the present time. |
|
|
| Using the word 'toen' (when) to announce a past event/action. |
|
|
Remember: you can recognize the use of the past simple when the sentence contains words as:
- gisteren (yesterday)
- vorig jaar (last year)
- vorige maand (last month)
or other words that indicate a time in the past.
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1) Regular conjugation of Dutch weak verbs in the past simple
To form a past sentence, the stem of the verb has to be found to be able to conjugate it. Dutch verbs always end in '-en'. The stem is found when you leave out the '-en' part.
In the table below, you can find an example of the conjugation with the verb 'werken' (to work).
| Subject | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ik (I) | stem + te / de | werkte |
| Jij, u (you) | stem + te / de | werkte |
| Hij, zij, het (he, she, it) | stem + te / de | werkte |
| Wij (we) | stem + ten / den | werkten |
| Jullie (you) | stem + ten / den | werkten |
| Zij (they) | stem + ten / den | werkten |
Orthographic and pronunciation rules
1. '-te'/'-ten' or '-de'/'-den'
When is the ending '-te' or '-ten' and when '-de' or '-den'?
- when the stem ends in one of the following consonants: 't exKofschip, the ending is '-te' or '-ten'
- for the other consonants '-de' or '-den' is the ending in past tense.
2. Verbs ending in '-t'
If the stem of a verb ends in a '-t', the ending '-te' or '-ten' still has to be added. The table shows you the conjugation of the verb 'haten' (to hate).
| Subject | Example |
|---|---|
| Ik | haatte |
| Jij, u | haatte |
| Hij, zij, het | haatte |
| Wij | haatten |
| Jullie | haatten |
| Zij | haatten |
3. Verbs ending in '-d'
If the stem of a verb ends in a '-d', the ending '-de' or '-den' still has to be added. The table shows you the construction with the verb 'raden' (to guess).
| Subject | Example |
|---|---|
| Ik | raadde |
| Jij, u | raadde |
| Hij, zij, het | raadde |
| Wij | raadden |
| Jullie | raadden |
| Zij | raadden |
4. Verbs ending in '-v' or -'z'
When the '-en' of the verb is removed and '-v' or '-z' is the ending of the stem, the letters change in '-f' and '-s'. The conjugation of the verb is different from other verbs ending in '-f' or '-s', because you have to look at the consonant of the stem before the change. Therefore, the ending is always '-de(n)'.
The table below shows an example of a verb ending in -z: 'lozen' (to dump).
| Subject | Form |
|---|---|
| Ik | loosde |
| Jij, u | loosde |
| Hij, zij, het | loosde |
| Wij | loosden |
| Jullie | loosden |
| Zij | loosden |
Note the double 'o' in 'loosde' and 'loosden. Long vowel verbs have long vowel stems. Therefore the extra 'o' appears.
2) Regular conjugation of Dutch strong verbs in the past simple
Dutch has many different strong verbs, but there are ways the verbs can be put together in groups to make it easier to remember how to conjugate them. Take a look at the table below.
| Rule | Verb | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Strong verbs that have an 'e' in the infinitive, get 'ie' in the past form. | 'helpen' (to help), . | ik hielp (I helped) |
| 2. | Strong verbs that have an 'ij' in the infinitive, get 'ee' in the past form. | 'krijgen' (to receive) | ik kreeg (I received) |
| 3. | Strong verbs that have an 'e' in the infinitive, get 'o' in the past form. | 'zwemmen' (to swim) | ik zwom (I swam) |
| 4. | Strong verbs that have an 'e' in the infinitive, get 'a' in the past form. | 'nemen' (to take) | ik nam (I took) |
| 5. | Strong verbs that have an 'i' in the infinitive, get 'a' in the past form. | 'zitten' (to sit) | ik zat (I sit) |
| 6. | Strong verbs that have an 'a' in the infinitive, get 'ie' in the past form. | 'slapen' (to sleep) | ik sliep (I slept) |
| 7. | Strong verbs that end in '-cht' in the past form. | 'denken' (to think) | ik dacht (I thought) |
| 8. | Strong verbs that have an 'ui' in the infinitive, get 'oo' in the past form. | 'fluiten' (to whistle) | ik floot (I whistled) |
| 9. | Strong verbs that have an 'a' in the infinitive, get 'oe' in the past form. | 'graven' (to dig) | ik groef (I digged) |
| 10. | Strong verbs that have an 'e' in the infinitive, get an 'a' in the past form. | 'vergeten' (to forget) | ik vergat (I forgot) |
| 11. | Strong verbs that have an 'a' in the infinitive, get an 'i' in the past form. | 'vangen' (to catch) | ik ving (I catched) |
| 12. | Strong verbs that have an 'o' in the infinitive, get 'ie' in the past form. | 'lopen' (to walk) | ik liep (I walked) |
| 13. | Strong verbs that have 'iez' in the infinitive, get 'oor' in the past form. | 'verliezen' (to lose) | ik verloor (I lost) |
| 14. | Strong verbs that have an 'i' in the infinitive, get an 'o' in the past form. | 'stinken' (to stink) | ik stonk (I stank) |
3. Dutch irregular verbs
The table shows you the conjugation of the 6 Dutch irregular verbs in the past tense.
| Subject | hebben (to have) | kunnen (to be able to) | mogen (to be allowed to) | willen (to want) | zijn (to be) | zullen (to will) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ik | had | kon | mocht | wilde | was | zou |
| Jij, u | had | kon | mocht | wilde | was | zou |
| Hij, zij, het | had | kon | mocht | wilde | was | zou |
| Wij | hadden | konden | mochten | wilden | waren | zouden |
| Jullie | hadden | konden | mochten | wilden | waren | zouden |
| Zij | hadden | konden | mochten | wilden | waren | zouden |
Train your skills by doing the exercises below!
Exercises
- Excercise to practice Dutch past simple (regular verbs)
- Exercise to practice Dutch past simple (irregular verbs)
- Practice the Dutch past simple
- Exercise Dutch past simple
Excercise to practice Dutch past simple (regular verbs)
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct endings.
Complete the bold Dutch verbs with the right endings. The verbs are all regular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject. For singular forms add '-te' or '-de', for plural forms add '-ten' or '-den'
Gisteren fiets ik naar school. (Yesterday I cycled to school)
Afgelopen week vier hij zijn verjaardag. (Last week he celebrated his birthday.)
Afgelopen woensdag zwaai jullie naar mij. (Last Wednesday you waved to me.)
Zij (singular) speel met een bal. (She played with a ball.)
Toen lach ik naar hem. (Then I smiled at him.)
Wij fiets samen naar huis na het feestje. (We cycled home together after the party.)
Hij werk vroeger bij een bank. (He worked at a bank.)
Toen jij lach was het stil. (It was quiet when you laughed.)
Ik schuil voor de regen. (I took shelter for the rain.)
Na het eten was zij (plural) af. (They cleaned the dishes after dinner.)
Exercise to practice Dutch past simple (irregular verbs)
Train your knowledge of the Dutch past simple irregular verbs
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct endings. The verbs are all irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
Wij nog geen telefoon. (hebben) (We did not have a phone yet.)
Jij dat niet weten. (kunnen) (We were not able to know that.)
Peter eerder naar huis. (mogen) (Peter was allowed to go home earlier.)
Jullie ook naar Amsterdam. (willen) (You wanted to go Amsterdam too.)
Zij (plural) op school gaan leren. (zijn) (They were studying at school.)
Ik naar dat feestje gaan. (zullen) (I wanted to go to the party.)
U mij kunnen bellen. (hebben) (You could have called me.)
Het nog niet om 12 uur. (kunnen) (It was not possible at 12 o'clock.)
Wij wel helpen. (willen) (We wanted to help)
Ik naar Spanje op vakantie. (zijn) (I went on vacation to Spain.)
Practice the Dutch past simple
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. The verbs are regular and irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
- for singular forms add '-te' or '-de'
- for plural forms add '-ten' or '-den'
Gisteren ik naar school. (lopen) (Yesterday I walked to school.)
Vorig jaar hij van Nederland naar Spanje. (fietsen) (Last year he cycled from the Netherlands to Spain.)
Zij gisteren niet op werk, omdat ze ziek . (zijn) (She was not at work yesterday, because she was sick.)
Iemand zijn telefoon tijdens het feest. (stelen) (Somebody stole his phone during the party.)
Wij foto's toen we op vakantie waren. (maken) (We took pictures when we were on holiday.)
Ik water tijdens de marathon afgelopen vrijdag. (drinken) (I drank water during the marathon last friday.)
Gister Loes een spelletje met haar oma. (spelen) (Yesterday Loes played a game with her grandmother.)
Jullie donderdag eerder naar huis. (mogen) (You were allowed to go home earlier on Thursday.)
Jij niet helpen toen ik het vroeg. (willen) (You did not want to help when I asked.)
Hij niet op mijn verjaardagsfeestje komen. (kunnen) (He could not come to my birthday party.)
Exercise Dutch past simple
Train your knowledge of the Dutch past simple irregular verbs
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct form of the past simple. The verbs are regular and irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
Ik vroeger een hond. (hebben) (I used to have a dog.)
Wij hem na, maar hij ons niet. (roepen, horen) (We called after him, but he didn't hear us.)
Amy een jurk kopen gister. (willen) (Yesterday, Amy wanted to buy a dress.)
Jij naar school vanmorgen. (moeten) (You had to go to school this morning.)
Jullie hard om zijn grap. (lachen) (You laughed out loud at his joke.)
Wessel en Ties vroeger bij PSV. (voetballen) (Wessel and Ties used to play soccer at PSV.)
Hij gister te laat. (zijn) (Yesterday he was late.)
Ik helaas niet op je feest komen. (kunnen) (Unfortunately I could not come to your party.)
De appel van de boom. (vallen) (The apple fell from the tree.)
Vorige week ik een marathon. (lopen) (Last week I ran a marathon.)
Exercises
- Excercise to practice Dutch past simple (regular verbs)
- Exercise to practice Dutch past simple (irregular verbs)
- Practice the Dutch past simple
- Exercise Dutch past simple
Excercise to practice Dutch past simple (regular verbs)
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct endings.
Complete the bold Dutch verbs with the right endings. The verbs are all regular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject. For singular forms add '-te' or '-de', for plural forms add '-ten' or '-den'
Gisteren fiets ik naar school. (Yesterday I cycled to school)
Afgelopen week vier hij zijn verjaardag. (Last week he celebrated his birthday.)
Afgelopen woensdag zwaai jullie naar mij. (Last Wednesday you waved to me.)
Zij (singular) speel met een bal. (She played with a ball.)
Toen lach ik naar hem. (Then I smiled at him.)
Wij fiets samen naar huis na het feestje. (We cycled home together after the party.)
Hij werk vroeger bij een bank. (He worked at a bank.)
Toen jij lach was het stil. (It was quiet when you laughed.)
Ik schuil voor de regen. (I took shelter for the rain.)
Na het eten was zij (plural) af. (They cleaned the dishes after dinner.)
Exercise to practice Dutch past simple (irregular verbs)
Train your knowledge of the Dutch past simple irregular verbs
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct endings. The verbs are all irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
Wij nog geen telefoon. (hebben) (We did not have a phone yet.)
Jij dat niet weten. (kunnen) (We were not able to know that.)
Peter eerder naar huis. (mogen) (Peter was allowed to go home earlier.)
Jullie ook naar Amsterdam. (willen) (You wanted to go Amsterdam too.)
Zij (plural) op school gaan leren. (zijn) (They were studying at school.)
Ik naar dat feestje gaan. (zullen) (I wanted to go to the party.)
U mij kunnen bellen. (hebben) (You could have called me.)
Het nog niet om 12 uur. (kunnen) (It was not possible at 12 o'clock.)
Wij wel helpen. (willen) (We wanted to help)
Ik naar Spanje op vakantie. (zijn) (I went on vacation to Spain.)
Practice the Dutch past simple
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. The verbs are regular and irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
- for singular forms add '-te' or '-de'
- for plural forms add '-ten' or '-den'
Gisteren ik naar school. (lopen) (Yesterday I walked to school.)
Vorig jaar hij van Nederland naar Spanje. (fietsen) (Last year he cycled from the Netherlands to Spain.)
Zij gisteren niet op werk, omdat ze ziek . (zijn) (She was not at work yesterday, because she was sick.)
Iemand zijn telefoon tijdens het feest. (stelen) (Somebody stole his phone during the party.)
Wij foto's toen we op vakantie waren. (maken) (We took pictures when we were on holiday.)
Ik water tijdens de marathon afgelopen vrijdag. (drinken) (I drank water during the marathon last friday.)
Gister Loes een spelletje met haar oma. (spelen) (Yesterday Loes played a game with her grandmother.)
Jullie donderdag eerder naar huis. (mogen) (You were allowed to go home earlier on Thursday.)
Jij niet helpen toen ik het vroeg. (willen) (You did not want to help when I asked.)
Hij niet op mijn verjaardagsfeestje komen. (kunnen) (He could not come to my birthday party.)
Exercise Dutch past simple
Train your knowledge of the Dutch past simple irregular verbs
Past simple: fill the gaps with the correct form of the past simple. The verbs are regular and irregular.
Tip: Pay attention to the subject.
Ik vroeger een hond. (hebben) (I used to have a dog.)
Wij hem na, maar hij ons niet. (roepen, horen) (We called after him, but he didn't hear us.)
Amy een jurk kopen gister. (willen) (Yesterday, Amy wanted to buy a dress.)
Jij naar school vanmorgen. (moeten) (You had to go to school this morning.)
Jullie hard om zijn grap. (lachen) (You laughed out loud at his joke.)
Wessel en Ties vroeger bij PSV. (voetballen) (Wessel and Ties used to play soccer at PSV.)
Hij gister te laat. (zijn) (Yesterday he was late.)
Ik helaas niet op je feest komen. (kunnen) (Unfortunately I could not come to your party.)
De appel van de boom. (vallen) (The apple fell from the tree.)
Vorige week ik een marathon. (lopen) (Last week I ran a marathon.)
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Do you want to improve your Dutch for work and daily life in the Netherlands? I help young expats enhance their Dutch skills, so you can speak and write with more confidence. Not because you have to, but because you want to! My lessons are practical and focused on what you truly need, whether you’re a beginner or already at a higher level.
What you can expect:
Lessons for beginners to advanced learners (B2 to C1), with a methodical and structured approach
Exercises that fit your work and life in the Netherlands
Focus on building confidence and keeping your self-respect, as you find your place as a new resident
Long-term collaboration, aimed at lasting progress and making the most of your new country
In my lessons, you’ll not only learn the language but also how to communicate your unique value and fully use the opportunities in your new home. This way, you’ll get to know the Netherlands better and make your own special contribution!
Ready to improve your Dutch? Contact me and let’s explore the possibilities!
G. M.
Monique has been kind enough to instruct both my wife and I in Dunch for almost a year now. She has a kind approach that encourages safe learning, knowing when to and when to ease up during the lesson. She keeps the learning cadence at a good pace. The material is intuitive, providing useful phrases and how to apply them in a real life context. Cannot recommend her enough.
Monique M.
HALF-HOUR FREE TRIAL CLASS Language lessons Dutch / French. From culture and literature to spelling and grammar. And a lot of conversations!
N. .
Helene is an excellent teacher and a pleasure to work with. She has an organized lesson at the start and has a easy and clear communication style. I took Dutch classes from her, so I know she is at least fluent in English and Dutch. I also understand she is fluent in French as well. I plan to continue taking classes with Helene!
Hélène M.
Hi!
My name is Mariëlle, and I am 27 years old. I am originally from the Netherlands, but starting in 2025, I will be living in the Dutch Caribbean.
I hold a bachelor's degree in International Primary School Education and a master's degree in NT2 (Dutch as a Second Language). I have five years of experience teaching in Dutch and International Primary Schools, as well as eight years of experience tutoring Dutch as a Second Language to learners of all ages.
My availability is subject to change, so if you would like to know my accurate availability, please send me a message.
We can start off with a free trial class in which we will get to know each other and where we can talk about what you want to learn. After our trial class we could start right away and I can help you achieve your language learning goals.
I am really looking forward to helping you learn a new language or helping you improve your language skills!
I hope to see you soon,
Mariëlle
S. .
Marielle is great - very nice to chat and learn from, and she works with you at your level to find and explain things you should be doing or practising. I like the googledocs way of working, and find the level perfect. She is also flexible on times to do the lessons which for me is great as I have a family.
Mariëlle S.
Hi! I live in Germany since 2014, I live in the Frankfurt am Main area. I teach German to refugees since the beginning of 2017 and I have been teaching Dutch at several language schools, at peoples homes and in-house at several companies. I passed the C1-level Test for German at the Goethe Institut.
It is my goal to adapt my lessons as much as possible to the wishes of the student. This means that, besides offering regular learning methods, I am open to initiatives like talking about subjects that are of interest to the student, for example reading and discussing articles, watching and discussing educational videos and/or current happenings in the world.
I look forward to meeting you online!
R. G.
Marlijn is a great teacher. I feel much more confident to talk in Dutch. She is very helpful and patient.
Marlijn S.
I prepare lessons for each student individually based on their specific needs for each language. For example: if you language need is Business English, I prepare your lesson on what you need to do your work. If your language need is to practice your speaking skills, your lesson will be based on themes that you are interested in. If your language need is to learn English from scratch, we will discuss a program to get you started from the beginning to when you can speak English with confidence.
My tutoring also focusses on the development of my students. Through my classes, I aim to stimulate creativity, analytical skills, improve business skills, understanding of different cultures, problem-solving, communication skills, enhance my student's opportunities in worldwide jobs and to expand their worlds globally. Lessons are individually prepared for each student to learn grammar, vocabulary, speaking, listening, pronunciation and reading.
More about me:
I have been in tutoring and training for 15 years and I follow a communicative approach with interesting themes and discussions that draw on your life experiences and everyday situations.
I was born in South Africa and live close to Cape Town. I speak both Afrikaans and English as native languages. I studied Human Resources and specialized in training. In 2015 I added a TEFL/TESOL certificate to my qualifications. I was given a traditional African name by a student group in South Africa and they named me Noluthandu which means “a person who likes people.” This was a great honor for me. I am very much excited to walk the exciting path with you while learning a new language. Remember, it takes small steps to reach the top of the mountain of success.
S. G.
Marge is a very kind, positive and cheerful person. Every time she offers interesting and practical subjects we build our lessons around. The way she prizing me is a great motivation to move forward!
Marge H.
Do you want to improve your Dutch for work and daily life in the Netherlands? I help young expats enhance their Dutch skills, so you can speak and write with more confidence. Not because you have to, but because you want to! My lessons are practical and focused on what you truly need, whether you’re a beginner or already at a higher level.
What you can expect:
Lessons for beginners to advanced learners (B2 to C1), with a methodical and structured approach
Exercises that fit your work and life in the Netherlands
Focus on building confidence and keeping your self-respect, as you find your place as a new resident
Long-term collaboration, aimed at lasting progress and making the most of your new country
In my lessons, you’ll not only learn the language but also how to communicate your unique value and fully use the opportunities in your new home. This way, you’ll get to know the Netherlands better and make your own special contribution!
Ready to improve your Dutch? Contact me and let’s explore the possibilities!
J. E.
Monique is a very accomplished, competent and friendly teacher. She can explain content well, offers a lot of exercise material on its own and creates a pleasant learning atmosphere in which you dare to make mistakes. I can only recommend her and look forward to the next few hours with her.
Monique M.
Experienced English Teacher with 13 Years of Success in Italy – Fluent in English and Italian
Hello, I’m Jason — a native English teacher from the UK, now based in the heart of Italy. For the past 13 years, I’ve been helping students of every age, level, and ability achieve their English language goals. Whether you need English for school, exams, work, or business, I can guide you to success.
My teaching approach is designed to build your confidence in speaking, strengthen your listening skills, and give you a clear, practical understanding of English grammar.
Why focus on speaking first? Because my students achieve the best results when they can start communicating in English as early as possible. Once you are able to hold a simple conversation, you will quickly develop all areas of your language ability.
Of course, if your main goal is mastering grammar or written English, I can tailor our lessons to meet those specific needs.
For professionals requiring specialised vocabulary, I offer flexible courses in business, medicine, and tourism, which can be adapted to suit any professional environment.
I work with students aged 3 to 70, and every lesson is carefully personalised to give each learner the best chance to reach their full potential.
If you’re ready to start your journey to confident English, feel free to contact me for an informal chat and a free trial lesson. I look forward to hearing from you!
A. V.
I have started with English courses because I needed to improve my English language for work. After two weeks of lessons with Jason, I have noticed that my langauge skills have improved a lot. Jason is always well prepared for each lesson and he has a great, interesting and useful teaching materials. Jason has a good speaking and teaching style which keeps me interested during lessons. Thanks Jason for the great lessons ! I highly recommend Jason as great teacher which gives his best for the students !
Jason H.
Hello,
I'm offering informal Dutch and English lessons based on conversation and will conduct my lessons for as much as possible in the target language.
I use text, weblinks to tv shows to get us talking and am a fan of the TPRS method.
There's a lot of information on that method online. Basically it's getting to know the structure Dutch and English through simple conversation. (questions about 1 or several sentences on any topic)
I have some useful weblinks to tv shows in Dutch (with subtitles in Dutch) adjusted to your level and the shows are entertaining too. :-)
We can discuss the shows preferably in the target language of course.
I can explain some grammar too if needed and have articles and books ready to read from. This again will be adjusted to your proficiency. But of course if you'd like to focus on a topic which has your interest that is possible as well. This makes it more personal and more fun.
I've been teaching for about a year now on another platform to students from all over the world and really enjoy having the experience again as I used to be a vocal coach back in the days when I attended conservatory in the Netherlands.
I hope to see you here on Co language. :-)
E. .
Less is knowledgeable about teaching. He was positive and encouraging. During the lessons we followed a good routine. Reading aloud and accent corrections. Then review of homework followed by a TPRS exercise. He was always well prepared and punctual. I highly recommend him.
Less J.
Hello,I would love to help you improve your knowledge of English.I adapt the lessons following your wishes : are you a beginner and need to get some basic knowledge with grammar and easy texts or do you want to improve your conversation skills. I can help you either way.Looking forward to meeting you !
M. F.
We spoke in Dutch for most of the lesson which was ideal for me. Francoise was very patient and helpful.
Francoise D.